要素を探す

DOM内の1つ以上の特定の要素を識別する方法

ロケーターは、ページ上の要素を識別する方法です。 これは、検索要素 メソッドに渡される引数です。

検出方法とは別にロケーターを宣言するタイミングと理由など、 ロケーターに関するヒントについては、 推奨されるテストプラクティス を確認してください。

要素選択の方法

WebDriverには標準のロケータが8種類あります。

ロケータ詳細
class nameclass名に値を含む要素を探す (複合クラス名は使えない)
css selectorCSSセレクタが一致する要素を探す
idid属性が一致する要素を探す
namename属性が一致する要素を探す
link texta要素のテキストが一致する要素を探す
partial link texta要素のテキストが部分一致する要素を探す
tag nameタグ名が一致する要素を探す
xpathXPathと一致する要素を探す

Creating Locators

To work on a web element using Selenium, we need to first locate it on the web page. Selenium provides us above mentioned ways, using which we can locate element on the page. To understand and create locator we will use the following HTML snippet.

<html>
<body>
<style>
.information {
  background-color: white;
  color: black;
  padding: 10px;
}
</style>
<h2>Contact Selenium</h2>

<form>
  <input type="radio" name="gender" value="m" />Male &nbsp;
  <input type="radio" name="gender" value="f" />Female <br>
  <br>
  <label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
  <input class="information" type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="Jane"><br><br>
  <label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
  <input class="information" type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
  <label for="newsletter">Newsletter:</label>
  <input type="checkbox" name="newsletter" value="1" /><br><br>
  <input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form> 

<p>To know more about Selenium, visit the official page 
<a href ="www.selenium.dev">Selenium Official Page</a> 
</p>

</body>
</html>

class name

The HTML page web element can have attribute class. We can see an example in the above shown HTML snippet. We can identify these elements using the class name locator available in Selenium.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
  
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.className('information'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("information"))

css selector

CSS is the language used to style HTML pages. We can use css selector locator strategy to identify the element on the page. If the element has an id, we create the locator as css = #id. Otherwise the format we follow is css =[attribute=value] . Let us see an example from above HTML snippet. We will create locator for First Name textbox, using css.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
  
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.css('#fname'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.css("#fname"))

id

We can use the ID attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Generally the ID property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Last Name field using it.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
  
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.id('lname'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"))

name

We can use the NAME attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Generally the NAME property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Newsletter checkbox using it.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
  
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.name('newsletter'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"))

link text

If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the link text locator to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link. In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
  
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.linkText('Selenium Official Page'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"))

partial link text

If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the partial link text locator to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link. We can pass partial text as value. In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
  
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText('Official Page'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"))

tag name

We can use the HTML TAG itself as a locator to identify the web element on the page. From the above HTML snippet shared, lets identify the link, using its html tag “a”.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
  
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.tagName('a'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"))

xpath

A HTML document can be considered as a XML document, and then we can use xpath which will be the path traversed to reach the element of interest to locate the element. The XPath could be absolute xpath, which is created from the root of the document. Example - /html/form/input[1]. This will return the male radio button. Or the xpath could be relative. Example- //input[@name=‘fname’]. This will return the first name text box. Let us create locator for female radio button using xpath.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
  
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
Show full example
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_class_name():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_css_selector(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"

    driver.quit()

def test_id(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"

    driver.quit()

def test_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.tag_name == "input"

    driver.quit()

def test_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_partial_link_text(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_tag_name(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"

    driver.quit()

def test_xpath(driver):
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
    element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")

    assert element is not None
    assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.Xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
  
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'));
  

    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'))

Utilizing Locators

The FindElement makes using locators a breeze! For most languages, all you need to do is utilize webdriver.common.by.By, however in others it’s as simple as setting a parameter in the FindElement function

By

Move Code

    import org.openqa.selenium.By;
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
  
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
	driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
  
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
	driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
  
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
	const loc = await driver.findElement(By.className('information'));
  

    import org.openqa.selenium.By
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
	val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("information"))

ByChained

The ByChained class enables you to chain two By locators together. For example, instead of having to locate a parent element, and then a child element of that parent, you can instead combine those two FindElement functions into one.

        By example = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.id("username-field"));
            WebElement username_input = driver.findElement(example);
Show full example
package dev.selenium.elements;
    import org.openqa.selenium.By;
    import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
    import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
    import dev.selenium.BaseTest;
    import java.util.List;
    
    import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
    import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
    import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
    
    public class LocatorsTest extends BaseTest {
    
    
        public void ByAllTest() {
            // Create instance of ChromeDriver
            WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            // Navigate to Url
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
    
            // get both logins
            By example = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
            List<WebElement> login_inputs = driver.findElements(example);
    
            //send them both input
            login_inputs.get(0).sendKeys("username");
            login_inputs.get(1).sendKeys("password");
        }
    
        public String ByChainedTest() {
            // Create instance of ChromeDriver
            WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            // Navigate to Url
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
    
            // Find username-field inside of login-form
            By example = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.id("username-field"));
            WebElement username_input = driver.findElement(example);
    
            //return placeholder text
            String placeholder = username_input.getAttribute("placeholder");
            return placeholder;
        }
    }
View full example on GitHub

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ByAll

The ByAll class enables you to utilize two By locators at once, finding elements that mach either of your By locators. For example, instead of having to utilize two FindElement() functions to find the username and password input fields seperately, you can instead find them together in one clean FindElements()

        By example = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
            List<WebElement> login_inputs = driver.findElements(example);
Show full example
package dev.selenium.elements;
    import org.openqa.selenium.By;
    import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
    import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
    import dev.selenium.BaseTest;
    import java.util.List;
    
    import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
    import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
    import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
    
    public class LocatorsTest extends BaseTest {
    
    
        public void ByAllTest() {
            // Create instance of ChromeDriver
            WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            // Navigate to Url
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
    
            // get both logins
            By example = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
            List<WebElement> login_inputs = driver.findElements(example);
    
            //send them both input
            login_inputs.get(0).sendKeys("username");
            login_inputs.get(1).sendKeys("password");
        }
    
        public String ByChainedTest() {
            // Create instance of ChromeDriver
            WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            // Navigate to Url
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
    
            // Find username-field inside of login-form
            By example = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.id("username-field"));
            WebElement username_input = driver.findElement(example);
    
            //return placeholder text
            String placeholder = username_input.getAttribute("placeholder");
            return placeholder;
        }
    }
View full example on GitHub

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相対ロケーター

Selenium 4 introduces Relative Locators (previously called as Friendly Locators). These locators are helpful when it is not easy to construct a locator for the desired element, but easy to describe spatially where the element is in relation to an element that does have an easily constructed locator.

How it works

Selenium uses the JavaScript function getBoundingClientRect() to determine the size and position of elements on the page, and can use this information to locate neighboring elements.
find the relative elements.

Relative locator methods can take as the argument for the point of origin, either a previously located element reference, or another locator. In these examples we’ll be using locators only, but you could swap the locator in the final method with an element object and it will work the same.

Let us consider the below example for understanding the relative locators.

Relative Locators

Available relative locators

Above

If the email text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the password text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “above” the password element.

By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"));
email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").above({By.ID: "password"})
var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Above(By.Id("password"));
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).above(By.id('password'));
val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"))

Below

If the password text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the email text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “below” the email element.

By passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"));
password_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").below({By.ID: "email"})
var passwordLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Below(By.Id("email"));
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
let passwordLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).below(By.id('email'));
val passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"))

Left of

If the cancel button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the submit button element is, we can locate the cancel button element using the fact that it is a “button” element to the “left of” the submit element.

By cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"));
cancel_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_left_of({By.ID: "submit"})
var cancelLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).LeftOf(By.Id("submit"));
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
let cancelLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toLeftOf(By.id('submit'));
val cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"))

Right of

If the submit button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the cancel button element is, we can locate the submit button element using the fact that it is a “button” element “to the right of” the cancel element.

By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));
submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})
var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel"));
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));
val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))

Near

If the relative positioning is not obvious, or it varies based on window size, you can use the near method to identify an element that is at most 50px away from the provided locator. One great use case for this is to work with a form element that doesn’t have an easily constructed locator, but its associated input label element does.

By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));
email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").near({By.ID: "lbl-email"})
var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("input")).Near(By.Id("lbl-email"));
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).near(By.id('lbl-email'));
val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));

Chaining relative locators

You can also chain locators if needed. Sometimes the element is most easily identified as being both above/below one element and right/left of another.

By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));
submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").below({By.ID: "email"}).to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})
var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).Below(By.Id("email")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel"));
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
Show full example
# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
  it 'finds element by class name' do
    driver.find_element(class: 'information')
  end

  it 'finds element by css selector' do
    driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
  end

  it 'finds element by id' do
    driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
  end

  it 'find element by name' do
    driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
  end

  it 'finds element by link text' do
    driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by partial link text' do
    driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
  end

  it 'finds element by tag name' do
    driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
  end

  it 'finds element by xpath' do
    driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
  end

  context 'with relative locators' do
    it 'finds element above' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element below' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the left' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
    end

    it 'finds element to the right' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end

    it 'finds near element' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
    end

    it 'chains relative locators' do
      driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
    end
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).below(By.id('email')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));
val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))
最終更新 December 28, 2024: [py]: move python code to `test_locators.py` (#2102) (79e02df42e)